Independence and Uncertainty -- The Time of Ramón Castilla -- Life and Culture, c.1780-1867 -- Disaster : The War of the Pacific -- Picking Up the Pieces -- Life and Culture, 1867-1908 -- The Age of Leguía -- The Challenge of Mass Politics -- Life and Culture, 1908-1948 -- Waiting for Change -- The Left Transcendent -- Life and Culture, 1948-1980 -- The Tumult -- The Dictatorship -- The Neoliberal Republic -- Life and Culture, 1980-Present -- Crisis, Covid, Castillo.
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